Apples (Malus domestica) are one of the most significant fruits in all of the world.[1]
Healing Properties
Antioxidant
Many types of antioxidant compounds are present in apple fruit and apple peels.[1:1]
Apples contain a large number, and high levels, of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity.[1:2]
Polyphenols are the chief antioxidant biomolecules contained in apples. There is a correlation between the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity among all the varieties of apple.[1:3]
Antimicrobial
Antiviral
Anti-Influenza (flu virus)
Hepatoprotective (antihepatotoxicity)
Helps prevent damage to the liver.
Apple polyphenols have the potential to be hepatoprotective and inhibit hepatic steatosis.[1:4]
Reducing cholesterol
Disease / Symptom Treatment
Heart Disease
A reduced risk of cardiovascular disease has been associated with apple consumption especially in women.[2]
Coronary artery disease
Atherosclerosis
Phytosterols in apples have been shown to help prevent coronary atherosclerosis and treat heart disease.[1:5]
Lung Disease
Apple consumption has been positively associated with general pulmonary health.[2:1]
Asthma
Apple consumption has been inversely linked with asthma.[2:2]
Apple and pear intake has been associated with a decreased risk of asthma and a decrease in bronchial hypersensitivity.[2:3]
Pleuritis (Pleurisy)
Apples have been shown to be effective in pleurisy (inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and chest cavity).[2:4]
Dyspnea
Apples have been shown to be effective in treating and preventing dyspnea and shortness of breath.[2:5]
Cough suppressant (anti-cough)
Apple consumption has been shown to be effective in treating and preventing coughing.[2:6]
Acute respiratory infection
Apples are a medicinal food with therapeutic effect in treating infections of the respiratory tract.[2:7]
Covid-19 (Novel Coronavirus)
Apples have been considered as part of a therapeutic diet appropriate to help treat respiratory infections similar to COVID-19.[2:8]
Composition
A large number of bioactive substances including polyphenols, polysaccharides, plant sterols, pentacyclic triterpenes, and organic acids have been found in apples.[1:6]
Apples contains zinc.[1:7]
Apples contain phytosterols such as sitosterol and daucosterol.[1:8]
Bioactive substances and their presence in different parts of the plant[1:9]
| Bioactive Substance | Presence |
|---|---|
| Cinnamic acid species | peel |
| Chlorogenic acid | peel, pulp, kernel, leaf |
| Caffeic acid | peel, pulp |
| Ferulic acid | pulp, leaf |
| P-coumaric acid | pulp |
| Caffeoylquinic acid | pulp and skin |
| P-coumarylquinic acid | pulp and skin |
| Cinnamic acid | leaf |
| (+)-Catechin | peel, pulp, kernel |
| (-)-Epicatechin | peel, pulp, kernel |
| Proantho Cyanidins | peel, pulp, leaf |
| Flavonols | |
| Quercetin and quercetin glycosides | peel |
| Anthocyanins | peel |
| Phytosterol | peel |
| Triterpenoids | peel |
| Pectin | peel, pulp, root, stem, leaf |
| Carbohydrate | seed, pulp, leaf |
| Amino acid, peptide and protein ingredients | seed, pulp |
| Oil composition | seed, pulp |
| Endogenous hormone | Plant |
List of flavonoids isolated from apples[1:10]
- Catechins
- Epicatechin
- Proanthocyanidins B1
- Proanthocyanidins B2
- Proanthocyanidins B5
- Proanthocyanidins C1
- Proanthocyanidin tetramer
- Proanthocyanidin pentamer
- Proanthocyanidin hexamer
- Proanthocyanidin heptamer
- Proanthocyanidin octamer
- Phlorizin
- Phloretin
- Quercetin
- 3,5,7,3 ‘, 4’-pentaflavonol-3-o-xyloside
- 3,5,7,3 ‘, 4’-pentaflavonol-3-o-rhamnoside
- 3,5,7,3 ‘, 4’-pentaflavonol-3-o-galactoside
- 3,5,7,3 ‘, 4’-pentaflavonol-3-o-glucoside
- 3,5,7,3 ‘, 4’-pentaflavonol-3-o-arabinoside
- 3,5,7,3 ‘, 4’-pentaflavonol-3-o-rutinoside
- Anthocyanidins
- Ideain (cyanidin-3-galactoside)
List of phenolic acids isolated from apples[1:11]
- Salicylic acid
- P-coumaric acyl quinic acid
- D-(-)-quinic acid
- Chlorogenic acid
- Caffeic acid
- Ferulic acid
- 2®-hydroxybutanedioic acid
- 2®-hydroxybutanedioic acid 1-methyl ester
- Malonic acid
- Maleic acid
- D-(-)-quinic acid
- Chlorogenic acid
- Caffeic acid
- Ferulic acid
- 2®-hydroxybutanedioic acid
- 2®-hydroxybutanedioic acid 1-methyl ester
- Malonic acid
- Maleic acid
- P-cournaric acid
- Cinnamic acid
- Protocatechuic acid (PCA)
- Hydroxycinnamic acid
List of antioxidants identified in apples:
- catechin
- chlorogenic acid
- epicatechin
- cyanidin-3-galactoside
- procyanidin
- coumaric acid
- gallic acid
- phloridzin
- quercetin-3 galactoside
- quercetin-3-rhamnoside.
Title: Malus domestica: A Review on Nutritional Features, Chemical Composition, Traditional and Medicinal Value
Publication: MDPI - Plants
Date: October 2020
Study Type: Review
Author(s): Jiri Patocka, Kanchan Bhardwaj, Blanka Klimova, Eugenie Nepovimova, Qinghua Wu, Marco Landi, Kamil Kuca, Martin Valis, and Wenda Wu
Institution(s): University Hospital, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, India; Charles University and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Yangtze University, China; University of Pisa, Italy; Nanjing Agricultural University, China
Copy: archive, archive-mirror ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎Title: Hospital diet for COVID-19, an acute respiratory infectious disease: An evidence-based Protocol of a Clinical Trial
Publication: Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine
Date: October 2020
Study Type: Human: Case Report, Meta Analysis, Review
Author(s): Masoud Moslemi Fard, Narjess Goeji, Reza Ghadimi, Mohammad Kamalinejad, Hoda Shirafkan, Seyyed Ali Mozaffarpur
Institution(s): Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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