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Astaxanthin

  1. 1. Healing Properties
    1. 1.1. Antiaging
    2. 1.2. Antioxidant
      1. 1.2.1. Brain Antioxidant
    3. 1.3. Antiinflammatory
      1. 1.3.1. Neuroinflammation
    4. 1.4. Anticancer
      1. 1.4.1. Anti-Apoptotic (anti-apoptosis)
      2. 1.4.2. Antiproliferative
    5. 1.5. Cardioprotective
    6. 1.6. Immunomodulator (Immune Response)
    7. 1.7. Mental Wellness (mental health)
    8. 1.8. Neuroprotection (neuroprotective)
    9. 1.9. Renal Health
    10. 1.10. Skin Health
      1. 1.10.1. Photoprotective / UV Protection
    11. 1.11. Vision (eyesight)
  2. 2. Disease / Symptom Treatment
    1. 2.1. Chemotherapy
      1. 2.1.1. Retinal Toxicity
    2. 2.2. Depression
    3. 2.3. Diabetes
      1. 2.3.1. Dyslipidemia
      2. 2.3.2. Vision Loss
    4. 2.4. Fatigue
    5. 2.5. Heart Disease
      1. 2.5.1. Heart Attack
      2. 2.5.2. Hypertension
    6. 2.6. Vascular Dementia
      1. 2.6.1. Cognitive Impairment
        1. 2.6.1.1. Spatial Cognition Impairment
    7. 2.7. Renal Interstitial Fibrosis
    8. 2.8. Nicotine-induced Toxicity
    9. 2.9. Vision Loss
      1. 2.9.1. Age Related Macular Degeneration

Astaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid. It belongs to a larger class of chemical compounds known as terpenes built from five carbon precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate, and dimethylallyl diphosphate.

Healing Properties

Antiaging

Antioxidant

Astaxanthin is the most powerful natural carotenoid antioxidant.[1]

Brain Antioxidant

Astaxanthin suppresses oxidative stress in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.[2]

Antiinflammatory

Astaxanthin decreases oxidative stress and inflammatory response in cells.[1:1]

Neuroinflammation

Astaxanthin could regulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.[2:1]

Anticancer

Astaxanthin works together with Human serum albumin (the most abundant protein in blood plasma) to fight cancer at a cellular level.[3]

Anti-Apoptotic (anti-apoptosis)

Antiproliferative

Astaxanthin was shown to prevent cell proliferation, Migration, And drug-resistance in human ovarian carcinoma cells.[3:1]

Astaxanthin induced apoptosis in carcinoma cells via mitochondrial apoptotic pathways.[3:2]

Cardioprotective

Astaxanthin is beneficial for ischemic-reperfusion of clogged arteries to help restore blood flow.[1:2]

Immunomodulator (Immune Response)

Mental Wellness (mental health)

Astaxanthin supplementation improves global mood state and supports mental wellness in healthy subjects.[4]

Neuroprotection (neuroprotective)

Astaxanthin’s antioxidant properties provide powerful neuroprotection.

  • Short-term (7-day) treatment with astaxanthin demonstrated a protective effect on glial and neuronal alterations.[5]
    • glia are the connective tissue of the nervous system, they are associated with neurons which are the nerve cells.

Astaxanthin has been shown to prevent hippocampal structural damage, to a certain extent.[2:2]

Renal Health

Astaxanthin can increase peritubular capillary density (peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels in the renal system).[6]

  • Astaxanthin upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor and downregulates thrombospondin levels.[6:1]

Skin Health

Photoprotective / UV Protection

In human keratinocytes, astaxanthin effectively protected against UV-induced inflammation.[7]

Vision (eyesight)

Patients treated with lutein/zeaxanthin and astaxanthin together with antioxidants nutrients were more likely to report clinically meaningful stabilization/improvements in Visual Acuity, Contrast Sensitivity, and visual function through 24 months compared with non-treated subjects.[8]

Disease / Symptom Treatment

Chemotherapy

Retinal Toxicity

Retinal toxicity refers to toxicity of the retina in the eyes.

The astaxanthin molecule is a promising option to prevent retinal toxicity in patients receiving the antineoplastic (anti-cancer) agent, Cisplatin as treatment for malignant tumors.[9]

  • Astaxanthin treatment reduced the increases in MDA, eNOS, and 8-OHdG levels following CIS administration and increased the levels of GSH expressions, as well.[9:1]

Depression

Natural astaxanthin supplementation reduces negative mood state (depression and fatigue) and improves global mood state and thus supports mental wellness in healthy subjects.[4:1]

  • Significant improvements were found with Natural astaxanthin treatment for positive mood state.[4:2]

Diabetes

Dyslipidemia

Vision Loss

The carotenoid Astaxanthin can confer a rapid antioxidant protective effect to the retina.[5:1]

  • A high-fat diet and obesity coupled with type 2 diabetes can cause a condition called non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. This is the most common cause of vision loss among people with diabetes.

Short-term treatment with astaxanthin has been shown to prevent glial dysfunction in the diabetic retina.[5:2]

Astaxanthin’s antioxidant and neuroprotective properties can help attenuate the Retinal Changes caused by diabetic retinopathy.[5:3]

  • Diabetic retinopathy affects blood vessels in the light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye (the retina). The blood vessels swell and develop balloon-like micro-aneurysms that leak fluid into the retina.

Fatigue

Astaxanthin reduces depression and fatigue in healthy subjects

Natural astaxanthin (NAX) supplementation reduces negative mood state parameters (depression and fatigue) and improves global mood state and thus supports mental wellness. A total of 28 healthy subjects, half male and half female, with a median age of 42, supplemented with 12 mg per day of NAX or placebo. After an 8-week supplementation period, significant improvements were found in global mood state and related subscales: Vigor, Tension, Depression, Anger, Fatigue, and Confusion.

Source: https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v9i8.636

Heart Disease

Heart Attack

Hypertension

Vascular Dementia

Astaxanthin could alleviate the morphological impairment caused by Vascular Demetia.[2:3]

  • After Astaxanthin treatment, the damage of neurons was alleviated, showing remarkable improvement, with orderly arrangement of cells and large and clear nucleus.[2:4]

Cognitive Impairment

Astaxanthin could improve non-spatial cognitive function.[2:5]

Spatial Cognition Impairment

Astaxanthin might ameliorate impairment of spatial acquired function to a certain extent.[2:6]

Renal Interstitial Fibrosis

Anti-Fibrotic: Astaxanthin has been shown to attenuate renal interstitial fibrosis and peritubular capillary rarefaction via inactivation of the TGF‑β1/Smad signaling pathway.[6:2]

Nicotine-induced Toxicity

Astaxanthin protects the organs against the toxic effects of nicotine.[1:3]

  • Nicotine can cause harmful effects on the male testes potentially impacting fertility. Astaxanthin demonstrated a protective effect on these organs.[1:4]
    • Astaxanthin reversed the negative effects of nicotine.[1:5]

Vision Loss

  • Astaxanthin can be used as a supplementary medication for dry type-age related macular degeneration patients.[9:2]

  1. Title: Histopathological Analysis of Testis: Effects of Astaxanthin Treatment against Nicotine Toxicity
    Publication: Arak University of Medical Sciences
    Date: Feb 2019
    Study Type: Animal Study
    Author(s): Bashir Sobhani, Sahar Roomiani, Zahra Ahmadi, Milad Ashrafizadeh
    Institution(s): Ferdowsi University of Mashhad: Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan; Tabriz University: Tabriz, East Azerbaijan;
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  2. Title: Astaxanthin protects cognitive function of vascular dementia
    Publication: Behavioral and Brain Functions
    Date: November 2020
    Study Type: Animal Study: In Vitro - In Vivo
    Author(s): Ningwei Zhu, Xiao Liang, Ming Zhang, Xiaolan Yin, Hui Yang, Yajun Zhi, Guizhen Ying, Jialing Zou, Lei Chen, Xiaokun Yao & Hongwei Li
    Institutions: Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Yin Zhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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  3. Title: Astaxanthin Combine With Human Serum Albumin To Abrogate Cell Proliferation, Migration, And Drug-Resistant In Human Ovarian Carcinoma SKOV3 Cells
    Publication: Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
    Date: Feb 2019
    Study Type: Human Study: In Vitro
    Author(s): Xiu-Zhen Su, Ran Chen, Cai-Bing Wang, Xi-Lin Ouyang, Yan Jiang, Ming-Yi Zhu.
    Institution(s): Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
    ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  4. Title: Astaxanthin Supplementation Reduces Depression and Fatigue in Healthy Subjects
    Publication: EC Nutrition
    Date: January 2019
    Study Type: Human Study
    Author(s): Shawn Talbott, Don Hantla, Bob Capelli, Lixin Ding, Yanmei Li and Christian Artaria
    Institution(s): EQQIL, Draper, UT, USA; Treehouse Athletic Club, Draper, UT, USA; Algae Health Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA; BGG North America, Irvine, California, USA; BGG Beijing, China; BGG Europe, Lugano, Switzerland
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  5. Title: Short-Term Administration of Astaxanthin Attenuates Retinal Changes in Diet-Induced Diabetic Psammomys obesus
    Publication: Current Eye Research
    Date: Sept 2018
    Study Type: Animal Study
    Author(s): Baccouche B, Benlarbi M, Barber AJ, Ben Chaouacha-Chekir R
    Institution(s): Université de Carthage (UCAR), Tunis, Tunisie; Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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  6. Title: Astaxanthin ameliorates renal interstitial fibrosis and peritubular capillary rarefaction in unilateral ureteral obstruction
    Publication: Spandidos Publications: Molecular Medicine Reports
    Date: February 2019
    Study Type: Animal Study
    Author(s): Jin Zhao Meixia Meng Jinhua Zhang Lili Li Xiaojing Zhu Li Zhang Chang Wang Ming Gao
    Institution(s): Xi’an No. 4 Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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  7. Title:
    Publication:
    Date:
    Study Type: Animal Study, Commentary, Human Study: In Vitro - In Vivo - In Silico, Human: Case Report, Meta Analysis, Review
    Author(s):
    Institutions:
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  8. Title: Carotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study
    Publication: European Journal of Ophthalmology
    Date: March 2012
    Study Type: Human Study: open-label randomized study
    Author(s): Piermarocchi S1, Saviano S, Parisi V, Tedeschi M, Panozzo G, Scarpa G, Boschi G, Lo Giudice G; Carmis Study Group.
    Institution(s): University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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  9. Title: The protective effects of astaxanthin against cisplatin-induced retinal toxicity
    Publication: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology
    Date: January 2019
    Study Type: Animal Study
    Author(s): Hüseyin Fındık, Levent Tumkaya, Adnan Yılmaz, Mehmet Gökhan Aslan, Murat Okutucu, Kerimali Akyildiz, Tolga Mercantepe
    Institution(s): Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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